Protein translation is the most common target of toxin-antitoxin system (TA) toxins. Sequence-
specific endoribonucleases digest RNA in a sequence-specific manner, thereby blocking …

Prokaryotic toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of a protein toxin and its cognate
antitoxin. These systems are abundant in bacteria and archaea and play an important role in …

Many bacteria have toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, where toxin gene expression inhibits their
own cell growth. mRNA is one of the well‐known targets of the toxins in the type II toxin …

Recent genomic analyses revealed a surprisingly large number of toxin–antitoxin loci in free-
living prokaryotes. The antitoxins are proteins or antisense RNAs that counteract the toxins …

Toxin-antitoxin systems are widely distributed genetic modules typically featuring toxins that
can inhibit bacterial growth and antitoxins that can reverse inhibition. Although Escherichia …

Bacteria contain multiple type II toxins that selectively degrade mRNAs bound to the
ribosome to regulate translation and growth and facilitate survival during the stringent …

Bacteria encode multiple type II toxin–antitoxin modules that cleave ribosome-bound
mRNAs in response to stress. All ribosome-dependent toxin family members structurally …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea and play important
roles in a diverse range of cellular activities. TA systems have been broadly classified into 5 …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements ubiquitous in prokaryotic genomes
that encode toxic proteins targeting various vital cellular functions. Typically, toxin activity is …

Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and
its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in …