Relapse is a major characteristic of drug addiction, and remains the primary problem in
treating drug abuse. Without an understanding of the factors that determine renewed drug …

Relapse is a major characteristic of drug addiction disorders and remains the primary
problem for treatment. Recently, there has been hope that these disorders may be amenable …

Relapse, the resumption of drug taking after periods of abstinence, remains the major
problem for the treatment of addiction. Even when drugs are unavailable for long periods or …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …

The objective of this article is to review data from studies that used a reinstatement model in
rats to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking …

This review focuses upon an animal model of relapse. The basic model is to establish that a
drug is functioning as a reinforcer. Drug is then replaced with vehicle, and responding is …

Over the past several decades, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding
of the neurobiology of drug addiction. Much of this work has focused on the neurobiological …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

The central problem in the treatment of cocaine and heroin addiction is high rates of relapse
to drug use after periods of forced or self-imposed abstinence. Relapse can be modeled in …

Studies in humans suggest that exposure to stress increases the probability of relapse to
drug use, but until recently there has been no animal model to study the mechanisms that …