Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations
and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant–virus interactions retard plant growth …

Highlights•Viruses target phytohormone signaling to disarm defenses and promote
infection.•Virus disruption of phytohormone pathways can result in disease symptoms.•Cross …

Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in
various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli …

Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic
agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have …

Environmental factors play a significant role in controlling growth, development and defense
responses of plants. Changes in the abiotic environment not only significantly alter the …

Plants have evolved according to their environmental conditions and continuously interact
with different biological entities. These interactions induce many positive and negative …

Viruses induce a variety of responses in host cells that are mediated by perturbation of
different signaling pathways. Advances in our understanding of the functions of viral …

Plant viruses are biotrophic pathogens that need living tissue for their multiplication and
thus, in the infection–defence equilibrium, they do not normally cause plant death. In some …

Plant viruses rely on both host plant and vectors for a successful infection. Essentially to
simplify studies, transmission has been considered for decades as an interaction between …

Understanding the mechanisms by which plants trigger host defenses in response to viruses
has been a challenging problem owing to the multiplicity of factors and complexity of …