Bacterial DNA contains a much higher frequency of CpG dinucleotides than are present in
mammalian DNA. Furthermore, bacterial CpG dinucleotides are often not methylated. It is …

The genomes of bacterial and viral DNA contain a much higher frequency of unmethylated
CpG dinucleotides than those of vertebrates. This difference in genome structure allows the …

Oligodinucleotides containing CpG motifs stimulate vertebrate immune cells in vitro, have
proven efficacy in murine disease models and are currently being tested in human clinical …

Bacterial DNA, in contrast to vertebrate DNA, has the capacity to act as a potent immune
stimulator (Tokunaga et al. 1984; Messina et al. 1991; Yamamoto et al. 1992b). This is now …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved a mechanism to detect CpG motifs within
microbial DNA (CpG DNA). Synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) …

Unlike mammalian DNA, bacterial, plasmid, and synthetic DNA containing unmethylated
CpG dinucleotides in specific sequence contexts are recognized by the Toll-like receptor 9 …

Exposure to bacterial DNA generates a “danger signal” that stimulates cellular elements of
the mammalian immune system to proliferate and/or secrete cytokines. Stimulation is …

Vertebrate immune systems have evolved the ability to detect and be activated by most
microbial and viral DNAs by virtue of their content of unmethylated 'CpG motifs', which are …

Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG
motifs within certain flanking base pairs are recognized as a danger signal by the innate …

Bacterial DNA with CpG motifs can efficiently stimulate the vertebrate immune system. Thus,
synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that contain such CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are currently used …