Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common degenerative musculoskeletal disorder
and is recognized as a major contributor to discogenic lower back pain. However, the …

During aging and after traumatic injuries, cartilage and bone cells are exposed to various
pathophysiologic mediators, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage-associated …

Synovial mesenchymal cells, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and osteoclasts are the
three major players directly responsible for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid joint destruction …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that leads to disability and affects
more than 500 million population worldwide. OA was believed to be caused by the wearing …

Cartilage and the bordering subchondral bone form a functionally active regulatory interface
with a prominent role in osteoarthritis pathways. The Wnt and the OPG-RANKL-RANK …

Chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of the articular cartilage. A loss of
homeostasis in cartilage contributes to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) when the …

Abstract Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of cellular
protective processes. Rheumatic diseases are chronic conditions characterized by …

Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but
accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in induction of inflammatory response and
cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Melatonin has been shown to improve the …

OBJECTIVE: Endochondral ossification, a conversion process from nonvascularized and
hypoxic cartilage to highly vascularized bone, plays a crucial role in osteoarthritis (OA) …