Many unknowns exist about human immune responses to the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. SARS-CoV-2–reactive CD4+ T cells have …

INTRODUCTION The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary from asymptomatic infection
to respiratory failure. Severe disease courses are primarily associated with advanced age …

Emerging data indicate that SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells targeting different viral
proteins are detectable in up to 70% of convalescent individuals,,,–. However, very little …

The baseline composition of T cells directly affects later response to pathogens, but the
complexity of precursor states remains poorly defined. Here, we examined the baseline state …

The identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes is instrumental for the design of subunit vaccines
for broad protection against coronaviruses. Here, we demonstrate in COVID-19–recovered …

CD4+ T cells reactive against SARS-CoV-2 can be found in unexposed individuals, and
these are suggested to arise in response to common cold coronavirus (CCCoV) infection …

T cells are important for effective viral clearance, elimination of virus-infected cells, and long-
term disease protection. To examine the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity in COVID-19 …

BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported T cell immunity to the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in unexposed donors, possibly due to …

INTRODUCTION Immunological memory is the basis for durable protective immunity after
infections or vaccinations. Duration of immunological memory after severe acute respiratory …

CD4+ T cells are central to long-term immunity against viruses through the functions of T
helper 1 (TH1) and T follicular helper (TFH) cell subsets. To better understand the role of …