The 1980s saw widespread acceptance of the Three Rs (reduction, refinement,
replacement) concept of alternatives, and a great deal of effort was put into the development …

Validation is the key to the regulatory status of alternative methods. A series of questions are
put, to which answers are given, including the following: What is validation? What is meant …

Validation involves assessing the reliability and relevance of a test method for a specific
purpose. 1 The need to validate a test method can arise from its possible use in-house, or its …

—The use of in vitro techniques in fundamental pharmacotoxicological research is
widespread, but relatively little progress has been made in applying the knowledge and …

This is the report of the fifth of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for
the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECV AM). ECV AM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by …

In order that a proposal for an alternative to an animal test be developed as an
internationally accepted guideline, there needs to be consensus on the validity of the …

Public concern for animal welfare has been expressed through legislative control of animal
use for experimental purposes since the first legislation was introduced in 1876 in the United …

FRAME (the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments; http://www.
frame. org. uk) is a scientific charity, which has, for over 30 years, been advocating and …

National regulatory authorities have responsibility for taking decisions that possibly affect the
health of whole populations and it is therefore to be expected that they will be reluctant to …

Many studies have been conducted in order to assess the validity of alternative methods as
replacements forin vivo toxicity tests. The purpose of this review is to build on what has been …