Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by several different cellular sources, and
their accumulation within the myocardium is widely considered to cause harmful oxidative …

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in many aspects of the pathophysiology of heart failure.
NO is a double-edged sword; NO inhibits ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, represses …

Heart failure is the major cause of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Previous experimental and clinical studies have suggested that there is an increased …

Background The NADPH oxidase family (Nox) produces reactive oxygen species by adding
the electron donated by NADPH to oxygen. Excessive reactive oxygen species production …

In recent years, major advances have been made toward understanding the role of nitric
oxide (NO) in the ischemic biology of the heart. It is now clear that NO, either endogenous or …

Oxidative stress is critically involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemic-
reperfusion (I/R) injury. NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 and 4, major sources of reactive oxygen …

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are produced endogenously by
cardiomyocytes and are fundamental signaling molecules that regulate cellular function …

Adaptation of the heart to intrinsic and external stress involves complex modifications at the
molecular and cellular levels that lead to tissue remodeling, functional and metabolic …

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level
of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the …

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases,
such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including …