Background: Increasing evidence suggests that thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,
3′, 5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), are modulators of the immune response. In monocytes …

The interplay between thyroid hormone action and the immune system has been
established in physiological and pathological settings. However, their connection is complex …

Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid
hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were …

It is now widely accepted that thyroid hormones, l-thyroxine (T4) and 3, 3′, 5-triiodo-l-
thyronine (T3), act as modulators of the immune response. Immune functions such as …

Accumulating evidence suggests a close bidirectional communication and regulation
between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones (THs) can exert …

The interdependence between thyroid hormones (THs), namely, thyroxine and
triiodothyronine, and immune system is nowadays well-recognized, although not yet fully …

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common organ‐specific autoimmune
disorders. It mainly manifests as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). HT …

Iodine is an essential element required for the function of all organ systems. Although the
importance of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis and reproduction is well known, its direct …

It has been known for decades that the neuroendocrine system can both directly and
indirectly influence the developmental and functional activity of the immune system. In …

The endocrine system participates in regulating macrophage maturation, although little is
known about the modulating role of the thyroid hormones. In vitro results demonstrate a …