In response to signals associated with infection or tissue damage, macrophages undergo a
series of dynamic phenotypic changes. Here we show that during the response to …

Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Macrophages integrate information from the tissue microenvironment and adjust their
effector functions according to the prevalent extracellular stimuli. Therefore, macrophages …

Altered metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a source of cellular superoxide anions, has multiple biological …

Studying the metabolism of immune cells in recent years has emphasized the tight link
existing between the metabolic state and the phenotype of these cells. Macrophages in …

Macrophages are innate immune cells with a dynamic range of reversible activation states
including the classical pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) states …

Metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a crucial regulator of immune cell activation, but
how systemic metabolism influences immune cell metabolism and function remains to be …

Glucose is a critical component in the proinflammatory response of macrophages (MΦs).
However, the contribution of glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the mechanisms regulating …

Glutamine metabolism provides synergistic support for macrophage activation and elicitation
of desirable immune responses; however, the underlying mechanisms regulated by …

The M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes dictate distinctive roles for macrophages as they
participate in inflammatory disorders. There has been growing interest in the role of cellular …