Organisms across the tree of life form symbiotic partnerships with microbes for metabolism,
protection and resources. While some hosts evolve extreme dependence on their symbionts …

Microbial associations are integral to all eukaryotes. Mutualism, the interaction of two
species for the benefit of both, is an important aspect of microbial associations, with …

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions
with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts …

Microbial symbioses, in which microbes have either positive (mutualistic) or negative
(parasitic) impacts on host fitness, are integral to all aspects of biology, from ecology to …

Diverse bacterial lineages form beneficial infections with eukaryotic hosts. The origins,
evolution, and breakdown of these mutualisms represent important evolutionary transitions …

The perpetuation of symbioses through host generations relies on symbiont transmission.
Horizontally transmitted symbionts are taken up from the environment anew by each host …

Mutually beneficial interactions between microorganisms and animals are a conserved and
ubiquitous feature of biotic systems. In many instances animals, including humans, are …

While examples of bacteria benefiting eukaryotes are increasingly documented, studies
examining effects of eukaryote hosts on microbial fitness are rare. Beneficial bacteria are …

Humans, and many other species, are host to diverse symbionts. It is often suggested that
the mutual benefits of host-microbe relationships can alone explain cooperative evolution …

Obligate symbioses with bacteria allow insects to feed on otherwise unsuitable diets. Some
symbionts have extremely reduced genomes and have lost many genes considered to be …