Non-specific immune responses to antigens have been demonstrated as being enhanced
during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here, we evaluated the role of interleukin-10 …

A recent study by our group indicated that peripheral B cells in chronic hepatitis C (CHC)
patients are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). This raised the logical question of how …

Hepatitis B is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. An immunosuppressor
microenvironment has been proposed to contribute to viral persistence during chronic …

Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are pivotal in maintaining immunological self-tolerance and
tissue homeostasis; however, it remains unclear how tissue Treg cells respond to liver injury …

The significance of TLR expression and Tregs in HBV infection has not been clearly
described. In this report, flow cytometry was performed to assess TLR2/4 expression on …

There are large gaps in understanding the molecular machinery accounting for the
association of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with autoimmunity. Mixed cryoglobulinemia …

Cytokine expression patterns of T cells can be regulated by pre-commitment to stable
effector phenotypes, further modification of moderately stable phenotypes, and quantitative …

There is limited information about the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the liver innate
immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We thus examined whether hepatic …

The innate immune system is essential for controlling viral infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
persistently infects human hepatocytes and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in sensing and initiating innate antiviral
response. In this study, we first investigated the expression of TLR1-10 mRNA transcripts in …