Subjects studied maps with the expectation that they would draw or describe them from
memory. In fact, subjects did both. Order of drawing or describing landmarks revealed the …

Previous research suggested that the apparent hierarchical organization of landmarks in an
environment will influence subjects' judgments about spatial characteristics of that …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the representations and processes in the
Structure of Cognitive Maps. Compared to research on map study and on computational …

Three classes of theories of the mental representation of spatial relations were tested.
Nonhierarchical theories propose that spatial relations among objects in an environment are …

Evidence is presented for systematic errors in memory for real and artificial maps, local
environments, and visual forms. These errors are attributed to two heuristics that are derived …

Spatial representations help us think. As illustrated by research reported throughout this
volume, one important family of spatial representations for thought includes mental …

Seven experiments examined the spatial reference systems used in memory to represent
the locations of objects in the environment. Participants learned the locations of common …

Three experiments with 41 undergraduates investigated how information about geographic
environments is processed. In Exp I, response time to decide which of 2 pairs of states or …

Cognitive maps refer to mental representations of maps or environments, as revealed in a
variety of tasks. The simplest model of cognitive maps is that they are random degradations …

This paper draws on research from geography and psychology to explain how people learn
and remember both reference and thematic maps. The review describes how prior …