Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) opens the door to personalized medicine, yet it is
infrequently applied to β‐lactam antibiotics, one of the most commonly prescribed drug …

Traditional antibiotic dosing was not designed for today's escalating antibiotic resistance,
lack of novel antibiotics and growing complexity in patient populations. Dosing that ensures …

Beta-lactams remain a critical member of our antibiotic armamentarium and are among the
most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes in the inpatient setting. For these agents, the …

The pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in intensive care patients may be profoundly
altered due to the dynamic, unpredictable pathophysiological changes that occur in critical …

Objectives Emerging evidence supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of β-
lactams for intensive care unit (ICU) patients to optimize drug exposure, although limited …

The extreme pharmacokinetic behaviour of drugs sometimes observed in critically ill patients
poses a significant threat to the achievement of optimal antibiotic treatment outcomes. Scant …

In recent years there have been tremendous strides in understanding the relationship
between the pharmacodynamics of β‐lactams and microbiologic response. For β‐lactams, in …

The study of pharmacokinetics teaches us how drugs are distributed and eliminated,
whereas, pharmacodynamics looks at the relationship between drug concentration and drug …

Despite therapeutic advances over recent decades, the mortality rate for sepsis and septic
shock is still approximately 25% worldwide. Early administration of appropriate intravenous …

Objectives To determine the existence of concentration–toxicity relationships for common β-
lactam antibiotic adverse effects and define thresholds above which toxicity is more likely …