Inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are among the most successful protein-based
drugs (biologics) and have proven to be clinically efficacious at reducing inflammation …

Biologists, physicians and immunologists have contributed to the understanding of the
cellular participants and biological pathways involved in inflammation. Here, we provide a …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Most studies focus on the first and second signals of T cell activation. However, the roles of
cytokines in immunotherapy are not fully understood, and cytokines have not been widely …

Highlights•Inflammation is a physiological process which restores tissue homeostasis.•
Unresolved inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory …

Abstract Treatment of inflammatory diseases today is largely based on interrupting the
synthesis or action of mediators that drive the host's response to injury. Non-steroidal anti …

Cytokine-targeted therapy has generated a paradigm shift in the treatment of several
immune-mediated diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which was initially identified as B-cell …

The IL-6 family of cytokines consists of IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, IL-31, oncostatin M (OSM),
leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) …

A number of widespread and devastating chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2
diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, have a pathophysiologically important inflammatory …

Inflammation is a beneficial host reaction to tissue damage and has the essential primary
purpose of restoring tissue homeostasis. Inflammation plays a major role in containing and …