Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This
process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into …

Small leucine‐rich proteoglycans, such as biglycan, and their side chain sulfated
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have been suggested to be involved in bone formation and …

Heparan sulfate chains have markedly heterogeneous structures in which distinct patterns of
sulfation determine the binding specificity for ligand proteins. These “fine structures” of …

Background Heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are found in the extracellular
matrix (ECM) and on the cell surface. A considerable body of evidence has established that …

The primary macrophage growth factor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), is homodimeric
and exists in 3 biologically active isoforms: a membrane-spanning, cell-surface glycoprotein …

Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans influence embryonic development and adult physiology
through interactions with protein ligands. The interactions depend on HS structure, which is …

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are biologically
active like heparan sulfate, and structurally the most complex species of the …

Chondroitin polymerization was first demonstrated in vitro when human chondroitin
synthase (ChSy) was coexpressed with human chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF) …

Chondroitin sulfate is found in a variety of tissues as proteoglycans and consists of repeating
disaccharide units of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid residues with sulfate …

Nearly all vertebrate cells have been shown to express heparan sulfate proteoglycans
(HSPGs) at the cell surface. The HSPGs bind to many secreted signaling proteins, including …