Our aim is to study the varied posterior segment manifestations, level of visual impairment
(VI) and its causes in carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) patients. A retrospective study was …

Purpose To define the retinal and choroidal imaging findings of carotid cavernous fistula
(CCF) including central foveal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness, choroidal …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) can be classified as direct and indirect, depending on
their flow rates and their etiology. Both forms can cause the same characteristic …

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the cavernous
sinus and the carotid arterial system. A CCF can be due to a direct connection between the …

Visual loss is one of the ocular symptoms resulting from a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF),
but has rarely been reported as the sole manifestation in CCF. Visual impairment is known …

Objective The purpose of this study was to observe image characteristics and hemodynamic
changes of carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) and to evaluate the efficacy of …

Background A carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) develops spontaneously or after trauma, and
older publications suggest that the majority of CCF cases are caused by trauma. However …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are vascular communications between the carotid artery
and the cavernous sinus. Ophthalmologists are called to diagnose and manage the …

A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an arteriovenous fistula with an abnormal connection
between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus that can be sight and life-threatening. The …

Purpose: To study the clinical course with regard to both the angiographic and visual
outcomes of carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs). Background: Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas …