Outdoor recreation is widespread, with uncertain effects on wildlife. The human shield
hypothesis (HSH) suggests that recreation could have differential effects on predators and …

Highlights•Animal spatiotemporal behaviour may depend on competitors, predators and
humans.•Behavioural responses to predation and human disturbance are nonconsumptive …

The management objectives of many protected areas must meet the dual mandates of
protecting biodiversity while providing recreational opportunities. It is difficult to balance …

Predators can indirectly affect prey survival and reproduction by evoking costly antipredator
responses. Such nonconsumptive effects may be as strong or stronger than consumptive …

Rapid growth in outdoor recreation may have important and varied effects on terrestrial
mammal communities. Few studies have investigated factors influencing variation in …

Scientists increasingly acknowledge the influence that nonlethal effects of predation have on
structuring wildlife‐landscape interactions. In landscapes dominated by human activities …

Human activity affects plant and animal populations across local to global scales, and the
management of recreation areas often aims to reduce such impacts. Specifically, by …

Human activities in protected areas can affect wildlife populations in a similar manner to
predation risk, causing increases in movement and vigilance, shifts in habitat use and …

Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide
recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging …

Humans are increasingly acknowledged as apex predators that shape landscapes of fear to
which herbivores adapt their behaviour. Here, we investigate how humans modify deer …