Background: Exposure measurement error is a central concern in air pollution epidemiology.
Given that studies have been using ambient air pollution predictions as proxy exposure …

Background Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μg/m 3 in
aerodynamic diameter; PM 2.5) is significantly associated with increased risk of premature …

Background: Many studies have reported the associations between long-term exposure to
PM2. 5 and increased risk of death. However, to our knowledge, none has used a causal …

Background Both short-and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.
5) are associated with mortality. However, whether the associations exist at levels below the …

Background: The temporal and spatial scales of exposure assessment may influence
observed associations between fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5) and mortality, but few …

Abstract Model-estimated air pollution exposure assessments have been extensively
employed in the evaluation of health risks associated with air pollution. However, few …

Background Long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5)
has been consistently associated with risk of all-cause mortality. The methods used to …

Introduction: Recent cohort studies have used exposure prediction models to estimate the
association between long-term residential concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) …

Many studies have reported that PM 2.5 was associated with mortality, but these were
criticized for unmeasured confounding, not using causal modeling, and not focusing on …

Background: Studies estimating health effects of long-term air pollution exposure often use a
two-stage approach: building exposure models to assign individual-level exposures, which …