Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Gram-negative bacteria express a plethora of efflux pumps that are capable of transporting
structurally varied molecules, including antibiotics, out of the bacterial cell. This efflux lowers …

Active efflux of antibiotics is one of the major mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. The
efflux process is mediated by membrane transporters with a large variety of unrelated …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to the capability of bacterial pathogens to withstand lethal
doses of structurally diverse drugs which are capable of eradicating non-resistant strains …

Antibiotics are vital to modern medicine. However, bacterial resistance constitutes a growing
threat to effective antimicrobial therapy worldwide. Indeed, antimicrobial resistance …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

Antibiotics effective against Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens are a critical area of unmet
need. Infections caused by these pathogens are not only difficult to treat but finding new …

The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic
application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most …

The emergence of active efflux as a major causative factor in antibiotic resistance has been
one of the most significant trends in antiinfective chemotherapy over the last decade. The …

Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens is a fast emerging global crisis and an
understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms is paramount for design and …