Background Evidence from cohort studies in North America and Europe indicates that long-
term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2· 5) is associated with an increased mortality …

Several recent studies in China have associated raised mortality risks with chronic exposure
to ambient PM2. 5. However, cohort evidence covering general populations and more …

Background The concentration-response relationship between mortality and long-term
exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) has not been fully elucidated, especially at high …

Abstract Purpose of Review Health effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM2. 5 vary
with regions, and 75% of the deaths attributable to PM2. 5 were estimated in Asia-Pacific in …

Background Both short-and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.
5) are associated with mortality. However, whether the associations exist at levels below the …

Background The acute health effects of short-term (hours to days) exposure to fine
particulate matter (PM 2· 5) have been well documented; however, the global mortality …

Studies worldwide have estimated the number of deaths attributable to long-term exposure
to fine airborne particles (PM 2.5), but limited information is available on short-term …

Background Short-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (particles with a median
aerodynamic diameter< 2.5 μm (PM2. 5)) air pollution has been associated with adverse …

Background Many multi-center epidemiological studies have robustly examined the acute
health effects of exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) on …

Background: Cohort studies in North America and western Europe have reported increased
risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particles (PM 2.5), but to date, no …