Observers can assume two types of frame of reference when process spatial information
about their environment. These include egocentric reference system which specifies a …

Intrinsic frame of reference system theory is a newly-developed theory in spatial memory
researches. It suggests that when people learn locations of objects in a new environment …

Mou and McNamara have suggested that object locations are represented according to
intrinsic reference frames. In three experiments, we investigated the limitations of intrinsic …

This experiment investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the
spatial structure of a large-scale outdoor environment. Participants learned the locations of …

Three experiments investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the
spatial structure of the environment. Participants learned the locations of objects in a room …

The spatial framework model proposes that people use the extensions of their body axes as
a reference frame for encoding spatial layouts in memory, and that the physical and …

Within the area of navigation displays, the distinction between track-up display and fixed-
orientation displays (north-up) has received a lot of attention. Theoretically, this distinction …

With visual spatial scene, previous absolute direction judgment (including cardinal direction
judgments) studies based on coordinating egocentric and allocentric reference have …

The research explored the temporal characteristics in selection of a spatial reference
direction. A layout of objects was presented sequentially in a random order to the …

Previous research on spatial memory indicated that memories of small layouts were
orientation dependent (orientation specific) but that memories of large layouts were …