Numerical finite element (FE) models of the neck have been developed to simulate occupant
response and predict injury during motor vehicle collisions. However, there is a paucity of …

Contemporary finite element (FE) neck models are developed in a neutral posture; however,
evaluation of injury risk for out-of-position impacts requires neck model repositioning to non …

Advanced computational human body models (HBM) enabling enhanced safety require
verification and validation at different levels or scales. Specifically, the motion segments …

Dynamic cervical spine loading can produce facet capsule injury. Despite a large proportion
of neck pain being attributable to the C2/C3 facet capsule, potential mechanisms are not …

Computational models of the human neck have been developed to assess human response
in impact scenarios; however, the assessment and validation of such models is often limited …

The effects of degeneration and surgery on cervical spine mechanics are commonly
evaluated through in vitro testing and finite element models derived from these tests. The …

While abnormal loading is widely believed to cause cervical spine disc diseases, in vivo
cervical disc deformation during dynamic neck motion has not been well delineated. This …

Mathematical cervical spine models allow for studying of impact loading that can cause
whiplash associated disorders (WAD). However, existing models only cover the male …

There is an increased need to develop female-specific injury criteria and anthropomorphic
test devices (dummies) for military and automotive environments, especially as women take …

Detailed cervical spine models are necessary to better understand cervical spine response
to loading, improve our understanding of injury mechanisms, and specifically for predicting …