Cytokines are molecular messengers that allow the cells of the immune system to
communicate with one another to generate a coordinated, robust, but self-limited response …

The concept that the immune system recognizes and controls cancer was first postulated
over a century ago, and cancer immunity has continued to be vigorously debated and …

Cytokines regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses to cancer. Although
antitumor activity has been seen for several cytokines in preclinical models, they have had …

Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on the
discovery of the potent anti-tumour activities of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in animal …

The mixture of cytokines that is produced in the tumour microenvironment has an important
role in cancer pathogenesis. Cytokines that are released in response to infection …

During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

Over the past decade, immune therapy has become a standard treatment for a variety of
cancers. Monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, and vaccines against oncogenic …

Cancer remains a devastating disease as existing therapies are too often ineffective and
toxicities remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapies for cancer offer the promise of the …

During the last two decades, a number of approaches for the activation of the immune
system against cancer has been developed. These include highly specific interventions …

Most studies focus on the first and second signals of T cell activation. However, the roles of
cytokines in immunotherapy are not fully understood, and cytokines have not been widely …