Over the past 60 years, there has been an exponential expansion in the field of
neuroendocrinology. The HPA Axis (Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis) is affected by …

There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood
disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many …

The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis describes a complex set of positive and
negative feedback influences between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis together with the sympathetic system connect
the brain with the periphery of the body (1)(Fig. 1). The central nervous system (CNS) …

Selye defined stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand”(1), Burchfield
revised it to include the role of psychological stimuli:“stress is anything which causes an …

Objective Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) measures are crucial for research into
stress and stress-related disorders. Most HPA measures fluctuate depending on diurnal …

The stress system coordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any
kind. 1 The main components of the stress system are the corticotropin-releasing hormone …

Turner, AI, Smyth, N., Hall, SJ, Torres, SJ, Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, SU, Ball, K. and Clow, A.
2020. Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic …

Extensive research studies showed the existing interaction between different systems of the
body that maintain the stability of homeostatic processes and which allow species to adapt …

The human hypothalamus, a small structure at the base of the brain, has strategic
importance for the harmonic function of the human body. It controls the autonomic nervous …