Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading determinant of mortality and morbidity in
women. However, a full understanding of the basic and clinical aspects of CVD in women is …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in Western
societies. The epidemiology, presentation, pathophysiology, and outcomes of CVD and its …

In the era of individualized medicine, gaps in knowledge remain about sex-specific risk
factors, diagnostic and treatment options that might reduce mortality from cardiovascular …

Since endogenous estrogen shows some preventative benefits against cardiovascular risk
factors in premenopausal women, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often considered a male …

Female sex hormones play an important role in virtually every aspect of cardiovascular
physiology. During the last two decades the postulated cardioprotective effects of …

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for women worldwide, most of
which is believed to be preventable. Numerous risk factors for CHD are well described, and …

Abstract Background In 2001, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report,“Exploring the
Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?” advocated for better …

The numbers are in! Deaths due to cardiovascular disease are declining in the United
States. 1 That is the good news. The bad news is that cardiovascular mortality in women …

Objective: Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular
wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the …

Substantial disparities exist in the prevention, diagnostic methodology, recognition,
management, and clinical outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. Under …