ABSTRACT Introduction: Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications
between the carotid arterial system and the venous cavernous sinus, resulting in a …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the carotid artery and
the cavernous sinus. They are considered direct when there is a direct connection between …

Objective Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are pathologic arteriovenous shunts between
the carotid artery and cavernous sinus. The resulting venous congestion within the …

Background Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are complex arteriovenous shunting lesions
of the cavernous sinus with diverse clinical presentations. This study aimed to analyze …

Purpose We evaluated carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) cases which were treated with
various vascular routes and different embolization agents. Our aim was to present …

Objective Numerous classification schemes have been used for carotid cavernous fistula
(CCF), each describing some aspect of the disease process but none of them provides a …

Background: Endovascular embolization represents the method of choice for the treatment
of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). Methods: We report our experience using the …

Background and objectives Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) represent a group of rare,
abnormal arteriovenous communications between the carotid arterial system and the …

Background Techniques for endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs)
have evolved over the years. Current strategies include transarterial or transvenous …

Introduction Direct carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are type A fistulae according to
Barrow's classification. Endovascular treatment of these lesions is challenging. Methods The …