Newborns adjust to the extrauterine environment by developing intestinal immune
homeostasis. Appropriate initial bacterial colonization is necessary for adequate intestinal …

Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides
apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate …

The significance of contact with microbes in early life for subsequent health has been the
subject of intense research during the last 2 decades. Disturbances in the establishment of …

Microbes are present in human milk regardless of the mother's health. The origins of the milk
microbiota likely include the mother's skin, infant's mouth, and transfer from the maternal …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates
present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut microbiota …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) comprise a group of structurally complex,
unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. HMOs are minimally digested …

Oligosaccharides are a group of complex glycans that are present in the milk of most
mammals. However, human milk is unique as the concentrations of human milk …

Highlights•The milk microbiome is generally dominated by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
and Pseudomonas.•Milk microbiome varies across studies, but methodologic differences …

Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many
benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant's specific …

Early life is a critical period as our gut microbiota establishes here and may impact both
current and future health. Thus, it is of importance to understand how different factors govern …