In the presence of m-xylene, the protein XylR encoded by the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas
putida, activates the σ 54-dependent promoter Pu. Early activation stages involve the …

Transcriptional activator proteins that act upon the σ54‐containing form of the bacterial RNA
polymerase belong to the extensive AAA+ superfamily of ATPases, members of which are …

The σ70 subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a transcription initiation
factor that can also be associated with RNAP during elongation. We provide biochemical …

The σ subunits of eubacterial RNA polymerases determine the site selectivity of initiation of
transcription at promoters. Mutations in rpoD, the gene that encodes σ 70, the major σ factor …

Recognition of the− 10 promoter consensus element by region 2 of the bacterial RNA
polymerase σ subunit is a key step in transcription initiation. σ also functions as an …

The sigma 70 (σ70) subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase specifies transcription from
promoters that are responsible for basal gene expression during vegetative growth. When …

Regulation of transcription initiation is generally attributable to activator/repressor proteins
that bind to specific DNA sequences. However, regulators can also achieve specificity by …

The bacterial nutritional and stress alarmone ppGpp and its co-factor DksA directly bind
RNA polymerase to regulate its activity at certain σ 70-dependent promoters. A number of …

A commonly accepted view of gene regulation in bacteria that has emerged over the last
decade is that promoters are transcriptionally activated by one of two general mechanisms …

RNA polymerase of both bacteria and eukaryotes can stall or pause within tens of base pairs
of its initiation site at the promoter, a state that may reflect important regulatory events in …