Traditional bone replacement materials have been developed with the goal of directing the
osteogenesis of osteoblastic cell lines toward differentiation and therefore achieving …

Biomaterials with suitable surface modification strategies are contributing significantly to the
rapid development of the field of bone tissue engineering. Despite these encouraging …

With the continuous development of bone tissue engineering, the importance of immune
response in bone tissue regeneration is gradually recognized. The new bone tissue …

Biomaterials as bone substitutes are always considered as foreign bodies that can trigger
host immune responses. Traditional designing principles have been always aimed at …

The critical role of the immune system in host defense against foreign bodies and pathogens
has been long recognized. With the introduction of a new field of research called …

With an increasingly aging society, bone defects and fractures have become significant
threats to human health and quality of life. Currently, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts …

As direct effector cells for osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are commonly used for evaluating
the in vitro osteogenic capacity of bone biomaterials, and the traditional biological principle …

Those who have used traditional biomaterials as bone substitutes have always regarded the
immune response as an obstacle leading to implant failure. However, cumulative evidence …

Tissue engineering strategies for treating bone loss to date have largely focused on
targeting stem cells or vascularization. Immune cells, including macrophages and T cells …

Bone is a self-regenerative tissue that can repair small defects and fractures. In large
defects, bone tissue is unable to provide nutrients and oxygen for repair, and autologous …