Proliferation, mutation, and selection in the germinal center (GC) are thought to occur in
distinct microanatomical compartments—the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). Thus …

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within
secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that …

Germinal centers (GCs) are important sites of antibody affinity maturation. In the classical
model, the GC dark zone contains large centroblasts that are rapidly proliferating and …

The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity antibodies by random mutation and
selective clonal expansion of B cells with high-affinity receptors. The mechanism by which B …

Highlights•Germinal center clonal diversity is kept low by multiple bottlenecks.•Germinal
center selection is tightly linked to cellular dynamics.•T cell help regulates multiple aspects …

Affinity maturation of antibodies during the course of an adaptive immune response requires
germinal centre (GC) formation within B-cell follicles. Much of the current understanding of …

Germinal centers (GCs) are inducible lymphoid microenvironments that support the
generation of memory B cells, affinity maturation, and isotype switching. Previously …

Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized structures in which B lymphocytes undergo clonal
expansion, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation …

Within germinal centers (GCs), complex and highly orchestrated molecular programs must
balance proliferation, somatic hypermutation and selection to both provide effective humoral …

INTRODUCTION Germinal centers (GCs) are transient microanatomic structures that form in
lymphoid organs during an immune response. They are the sites of B cell clonal expansion …