Background Intrathecal adjuncts often are used to enhance small-dose spinal bupivacaine
for ambulatory anesthesia. Neostigmine is a novel spinal analgesic that could be a useful …

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diphenidol on blocking Na+ currents and
spinal anesthesia. We used the patch-clamp method to examine if diphenidol blocked Na+ …

Antinociception can be produced at the spinal level by activation of opioidergic,
noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. We tested the antinociceptive effects of combined …

The authors investigated the effects of spinal and supraspinal administration of the
benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam alone and with opioids on tests of nociception …

Background Lipid soluble mu opioids given intrathecally produce a potent, dose-dependent
analgesic response, which because of rapid clearance, is of short duration. Such agents …

Background: The prolongation of spinal anesthesia by using clonidine through the oral,
intravenous and spinal route has been known. The new α2 agonist, dexmedetomidine has …

In parallel with improvements in understanding pain neurophysiology, many chemicals have
recently been investigated for spinal anaesthesia and analgesia. However, studies …

Although the coadministration of lidocaine with propranolol interferes with the metabolic
profile (pharmacokinetics), its pharmacodynamics is still unclear. In this report, we …

We determined the effects of intrathecally administered epinephrine and clonidine on the
duration and quality of a meperidine spinal block. Forty-five patients scheduled for …