We are very grateful for the interest of Avó-Baião et al. in our work on antenatal antibiotic use
and neurodevelopment [1, 2], and the opportunity to continue the discussion following the …

A study by Njotto et al.[1], published last year in this journal, claims a connection between
maternal and early childhood exposure to antibiotics and neurodevelopmental disorders …

Introduction Antibiotics represent the most common type of medication used during
pregnancy and infancy. Antibiotics have been proposed as a possible factor in changes in …

Objective To evaluate the association between antibiotic use during pregnancy or early
infancy and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Design Nationwide …

Objective: To investigate the impact of prenatal and early childhood antimicrobial use on
autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Data Sources: We searched PubMed and Embase …

Background Prenatal antibiotic exposure induces changes in infants' gut microbiota
composition and is suggested as a possible contributor in the development of autism …

Background: Antibiotics are among the most used medications during pregnancy, and while
their short-term benefits are clear, their potential long-term effects are underexplored …

Background Prenatal antibiotic exposure induces changes in the maternal microbiome,
which could influence the development of the infant's microbiome–gut–brain axis. Objectives …

Background The gut microbiota is believed to influence neurodevelopment through the gut–
brain axis, but prior studies have shown inconsistent results regarding early childhood …

Background Development of the gut-brain axis in early life may be disturbed by antibiotic
use. It has been hypothesized that this disturbance may contribute to development of …