Background and purpose Male-female differences may significantly impact stroke
prevention and treatment in men and women, however underlying mechanisms for sexual …

Increased knowledge about sex differences is important for development of individualized
treatments against many diseases as well as understanding behavioral and pathological …

Cerebrovascular disease is a leading cause of death from disease and of disability
worldwide, affecting some 15 million people. The incidence of stroke or “brain attack” is …

Intrinsic defects within blood vessels from the earliest developmental time points can directly
contribute to psychiatric disease origin. Here, we show that nicotinamide adenine …

From early embryonic life to death, estrogen is a primary regulator of brain neurogenesis
and cell number, synaptogenesis and synaptolysis, multiple cognitive and autonomic …

In theoretical terms, sex differences in brains and behaviors of laboratory animals offer the
possibility of fascinating scientific studies on a range of molecular phenomena such as …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a physical interface between the blood and the brain
parenchyma, playing key roles in brain homeostasis. In mammals, the BBB is established …

Biologic sex influences many variables that are important to brain health in general, and to
stroke or cerebral ischemia in particular, such as general health status, cerebrovascular …

Two key events during evolution allowed vertebrates to develop specialized tissues able to
perform complex tasks: the formation of a highly branched vascular system ensuring that all …