Within the microscopic world, there is an ongoing war between the host and foreign
invaders, and the battlefield is the immune system. When a pathogen encounters innate …

In response to infection, CD8+ T cells integrate multiple signals and undergo an exponential
increase in cell numbers. Simultaneously, a dynamic differentiation process occurs, resulting …

Over the past decades, the dichotomy between innate and adaptive immune responses has
largely dominated our understanding of immunology. Upon primary encounter with microbial …

Immunity towards intracellular pathogens is often dependent upon the generation of CD8+
memory T cells, which provide long-lasting and effective protection. Over the past few years …

Recent findings suggest a new paradigm that early inflammatory cytokines promote the
effector T‐cell response while inhibiting the development of CD8+ T‐cell memory. Although …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Generating long-lasting, protective CD8+ T-cell memory via vaccination is critical for
combating infectious diseases. Advances in the past year have provided many new insights …

T cell protective immunity is associated with multifunctional memory cells that produce
several different cytokines. Currently, our understanding of when and how these cells are …

Memory CD8 T cells provide protection to immune hosts by eliminating pathogen-infected
cells during re-infection. While parameters influencing the generation of primary (1°) CD8 T …

One outcome of infection is the formation of long-lived immunological memory, which
provides durable protection from symptomatic re-infection. In response to infection or …