In nature, heavy metal (HM) stress is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses for plants.
Heavy metals produce toxicity by targeting key molecules and important processes in plant …

Plants confront multifarious environmental stresses widely divided into abiotic and biotic
stresses, of which heavy metal stress represents one of the most damaging abiotic stresses …

Exposure of plants to toxic concentrations of metals leads to disruption of the cellular redox
status followed by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, like hydrogen …

Plants are sessile in nature, but are capable to evade from high level concentration of heavy
metals like Cd, Hg, Cu, through various metabolic pathways. Some of the pathways regulate …

Plants are exposed to various environmental challenges throughout their lifecycle that
adversely affect their growth and development. Heavy metal toxicity reduces plant …

Plants being sessile are susceptible to heavy metals (HMs) toxicity and respond differentially
to hostile environments. The toxicity of HM is governed by the type of ion and its …

Heavy metals bioaccumulation and bio amplification in the environment are serious
constraints for plants and all living organisms. Heavy metals have a serious impact on crop …

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one
important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

Heavy metal concentrations exceeding permissible limits threaten human life, plant life, and
all other life forms. Different natural and anthropogenic activities emit toxic heavy metals in …