Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between
individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent …

Publisher Summary Environmentally influenced variation in phenotypic expression or
phenotypic plasticity is a fundamental property of organisms with consequences for …

The plastic response of phenotypic traits to environmental change is a common research
focus in several disciplines‐from ecology and evolutionary biology to physiology and …

The generation of variation is paramount for the action of natural selection. Although
biologists are now moving beyond the idea that random mutation provides the sole source of …

For more than two decades the concept of phenotypic plasticity has allowed researchers to
go beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy to gain deeper insights into how organisms are …

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype to develop a phenotype appropriate
to the local environment, allows organisms to cope with environmental variation and has …

Phenotypic plasticity—the ability of an individual organism to change its phenotype in direct
response to variation in its environment—has long fascinated and perplexed biologists …

Much research has been devoted to identify the conditions under which selection favours
flexible individuals or genotypes that are able to modify their growth, development and …

Stephen C. Steams ariation, the fuel that feeds evolutionary change, origi-nates at the levels
of both the genotype and the phenotype. Geneti-cally identical organisms reared under …

It is a familiar biological observation that the traits of an organism will vary to some extent
depending on environmental conditions. This individual flexibility is termed 'phenotypic …