Patients with indirect carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) were reviewed to emphasize the
importance of diagnosing patients even with trivial findings and to raise awareness …

Background Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are complex arteriovenous shunting lesions
of the cavernous sinus with diverse clinical presentations. This study aimed to analyze …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) can be classified as direct and indirect, depending on
their flow rates and their etiology. Both forms can cause the same characteristic …

Opinion statement The treatment of a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) depends on the
severity of the clinical symptoms, its angiographic characteristics, and the risk it presents for …

The diagnosis and treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) is an interdisciplinary
challenge for both ophthalmologists and interventional neuroradiologists. According to the …

Background Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal arteriovenous shunt between
the carotid artery or its branches, with the cavernous sinus. It is still common in developing …

Discussion: Carotid cavernous fistula occurs spontaneously or as a result of trauma or other
vascular abnormalities. Common clinical manifestations include proptosis, chemosis, and …

We reviewed retrospectively the outcomes of interventional endovascular treatment of direct
or dural (indirect) carotid cavernous fistulas in 24 consecutive patients requiring …

Introduction Carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare and affect visual prognosis. Their clinical
presentation is varied and delayed diagnosis is common. They require rapid neuro-radio …

Carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) are dangerous entities that may cause progressive cranial
neuropathy, headache and blindness. Endovascular therapy for CCF is the treatment of …