Fortunately, no fungus can cause disease on all plant species, and although some plant-
pathogenic fungi have quite a broad host range, most are highly limited in the range of plant …

During infection, pathogens secrete an arsenal of molecules, collectively called effectors,
key elements of pathogenesis which modulate innate immunity of the plant and facilitate …

Avirulence (Avr) genes exist in many fungi that share a gene-for-gene relationship with their
host plant. They represent unique genetic determinants that prevent fungi from causing …

In the fungal kingdom, the ability to cause disease in plants appears to have arisen multiple
times during evolution. In many cases, the ability to infect particular plant species depends …

It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called
effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence …

Antagonistic coevolution between plants and pathogens has generated a broad array of
attack and defense mechanisms. In the classical avirulence (Avr) gene-for-gene model, the …

Avirulence genes are originally defined by their negative impact on the ability of a pathogen
to infect their host plant. Many avirulence genes are now known to represent a subset of …

Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens cause destructive diseases in crops and pose real
economic and food security threats [1]. These filamentous, eukaryotic organisms can also …

Many plant pathogenic bacteria possess a conserved protein secretion system that is
thought to transfer Avr (avirulence) proteins, with potential activities in both parasitism and …

In the gene-for-gene hypothesis, Flor [19] proposed the existence of avirulence alleles of
virulence genes, and that the virulence genes actively conditioned cultivar-specific virulence …