We investigated the role of the central MAPK pathways in extra-territorial (referred) pain
resulting from inflammation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Experiments were carried …

This study assessed the effect of the agonist 15d-PGJ2 administered into the rat
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) on nociceptive behavioral and the anti-inflammatory …

There is increasing evidence that the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway contribute
to development of hyperalgesia in the trigeminal system. The aim of the present study was to …

Background Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an
important role in the early stages of inflammation. In this study, we investigated its role in …

Aims: To investigate nociceptive behavior and the immunoreactivity of microglia and
phosphorylated-p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) following …

Inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are
known to be abundant in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus …

Background Injury to the trigeminal nerve often results in the development of chronic pain
states including tactile allodynia, or hypersensitivity to light touch, in orofacial area, but its …

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe chronic neuropathic pain. Despite numerous available
medical interventions, the therapeutic effects are not ideal. To control the pain attacks, the …

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been implicated in peripheral
inflammation and is a mediator of the inflammatory response to various noxious stimuli …

Transient receptor potential ankyrin type-1 (TRPA1) channels are known to actively
participate in different pain conditions, including trigeminal neuropathic pain, whose clinical …