Cadmium is a well-known nephrotoxicant; chronic exposure increases risk for chronic
kidney disease. Recently, however, associations between urine cadmium and higher …

Background Associations of proteinuria with low-level urinary cadmium (Cd) are currently
interpreted as the sign of renal dysfunction induced by Cd. Few studies have considered the …

Objectives The nephrotoxicity of cadmium at low levels of exposure, measured by urinary
cadmium, has recently been questioned since co-excretion of cadmium and proteins may …

Background: Associations between cadmium (Cd) and kidney function have been reported
even at low levels of exposure in the general population. Recently, the causality of these …

Abstract Data (N= 10336) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2003–
2016 for US adults aged≥ 20 years were analyzed to evaluate the concentrations of blood …

Epidemiological evidence for the relationship between cadmium exposure and mortality in
specific chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations remains scarce. We aimed to explore the …

Decreasing renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in association with increasing blood
cadmium levels was reported in epidemiological studies of general populations …

Background The consequences of low levels of environmental heavy metal exposure, as
found widely in the United States, in those with impaired renal function remain …

Background Exposure to cadmium has been associated with nephropathy and implicated in
the development of diabetes and hypertension. The role of environmental metal exposure …

Low-level cadmium exposure has adverse effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD);
however, the risk factors for elevated blood cadmium levels (BCLs) have not been studied in …