Fungi and oomycetes are filamentous microorganisms that include a diversity of highly
developed pathogens of plants. These are sophisticated modulators of plant processes that …

Highlights•Studies of effectors reveal key components and their function in plant
immunity.•Pathogen effectors reopen the stomata for successful penetration.•Pathogens …

Plant-colonizing fungi secrete a cocktail of effector proteins during colonization. After
secretion, some of these effectors are delivered into plant cells to directly dampen the plant …

Phytopathogens translocate effector proteins into plant cells where they sabotage the host
cellular machinery to promote infection. An individual pathogen can translocate numerous …

Fungal and oomycete plant parasites are among the most devastating pathogens of food
crops. These microbes secrete effector proteins inside plant cells to manipulate host …

Highlights•Pathogens employ versatile effector catalogs to deregulate host
immunity.•Effectors are used by microbes throughout the symbiotic continuum.•Effectors …

Plant-associated organisms secrete proteins and other molecules to modulate plant defense
circuitry and enable colonization of plant tissue. Understanding the molecular function of …

Plant–pathogen interactions involve processes of pathogen offence, host defence and
pathogen counter-attack that are commonly played out using molecules secreted by hosts …

Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including
proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The …

The complicated interplay of plant–pathogen interactions occurs on multiple levels as
pathogens evolve to constantly evade the immune responses of their hosts. Many …