Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

Live-cell imaging assisted by fluorescent markers has been fundamental to understanding
the focused secretory'warfare'that occurs between plants and biotrophic pathogens that feed …

Many biotrophic fungal and oomycete plant pathogens deliver effector proteins directly into
host cells during infection. Recent advances are revealing the extensive effector repertoires …

Biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi are successful groups of plant pathogens that require
living plant tissue to survive and complete their life cycle. Members of these groups include …

Fungal and oomycete pathogens of plants and animals are a major global problem. In the
last 15 years, many genes required for pathogenesis have been determined for over 50 …

Phytopathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate their hosts for effective colonization.
Hemibiotrophic fungi must maintain host viability during initial biotrophic growth and elicit …

Adaptation to specialized environments allows microorganisms to inhabit an enormous
variety of ecological niches. Growth inside plant tissues is a niche offering a constant …

Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to
agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between …

The pioneering research of Harold Flor on flax and the flax rust fungus culminated in his
gene‐for‐gene hypothesis. It took nearly 50 years before the first fungal avirulence (Avr) …

Highlights•Plant-associated fungi and oomycetes deliver effector proteins into the
apoplast.•Effector proteins function to promote host colonization.•Many characterized …