Evasion or active suppression of host defenses are critical strategies employed by biotrophic
phytopathogens and hemibiotrophs whose infection mechanism includes sequential …

Plant pathogens display impressive versatility in adapting to host immune systems.
Pathogen effector proteins facilitate disease but can become avirulence (Avr) factors when …

Oomycete pathogens of plants and animals are related to marine algae and have evolved
mechanisms to avoid or suppress host defences independently of other groups of …

Phytopathogenic bacteria inject an array of effector proteins into host cells to alter host
physiology and assist the infection process. Some of these effectors can also trigger disease …

Pathogens deploy effector proteins that interact with host proteins to manipulate the host
physiology to the pathogen's own benefit. However, effectors can also be recognized by host …

Fungi and oomycetes deliver effectors into living plant cells to suppress defenses and
control plant processes needed for infection. Little is known about the mechanism by which …

Plants have biochemical defences against stresses from predators, parasites and
pathogens. In this review we discuss the interaction of plant defences with microbial …

▪ Abstract Natural and agricultural ecosystems harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that
play an integral role in plant health, crop productivity, and preservation of multiple …

Fungi represent an ecologically diverse group of microorganisms that includes plant
pathogenic species able to cause considerable yield loses in crop production systems …

Fungi occupy diverse environmental niches and many have evolved to live a pathogenic
lifestyle, causing devastating diseases in plants and animals. The interface between host …