Successful hand and face transplantation in the last decade has firmly established the field
of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). The experience in VCA has thus far …

Vascularised composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a new field in transplantation aiming to
improve disabled patients' quality of life. Two tissues appear to play an important role in the …

The majority of VCA centers utilize antibody-mediated induction, followed by double or triple-
agent maintenance immunosuppression. A clinical trial of a minimal-immunosuppression …

Since the start of the clinical vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) era over a
decade ago this field has witnessed significant developments in both basic and translational …

Severe trauma, tumor removal or congenital defects may result in composite tissue deficits,
in which despite the best reconstructive efforts, functional and esthetic outcomes are poor …

The preclinical experimental models of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) have been
rapidly developed for the assessment of immunomodulatory protocols for clinical …

Amputations and devastating injuries throughout the body can now be reconstructed by
transplanting vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) of the extremities, face, penis, scalp …

Vascularized composite allotransplantation has become established as a clinical specialty
since the first successful hand transplant was performed in 1998. Data now available …

Pre-clinical studies are an obligatory tool to develop and translate novel therapeutic
strategies into clinical practice. Acute and chronic rejection mediated by the recipient's …

Abstract Purpose of Review The clinical application of vascularized composite allografts
(VCA) has continue to expand each year as new transplants are performed. However …