Highlights•Color vision: more than just Opsins.•Spectral tuning differs between sexes and
species, and even within the same eye.•The distribution of different photoreceptor types …

Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the
spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity …

▪ Abstract We review the physiological, molecular, and neural mechanisms of insect color
vision. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses reveal that the basic bauplan, UV-blue-green …

Many visual animals exploit spectral information for seeking food and mates, for identifying
preys and predators, and for navigation. Animals use chromatic information in two …

The striking diversity in insect colouration, colour pattern and visual appearance (shape,
size, texture or movement) has evolved in response to the needs of communication, both …

Color vision is an important sensory capability that enhances the detection of contrast in
retinal images. Monochromatic animals exclusively detect temporal and spatial changes in …

Adrian G. Dyer· Kentaro Arikawa received: 13 April 2014/revised: 14 April 2014/Accepted:
16 April 2014/Published online: 3 May 2014© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 and …

Studies on animal colour vision typically focus on the chromatic aspect of colour, which is
related to the spectral distribution, and disregard the achromatic aspect, which is related to …

The visual ecology of flies is outstanding among insects due to a combination of specific
attributes. Flies' compound eyes possess an open rhabdom and thus separate rhabdomeres …

The ability to see colour at night is known only from a handful of animals. First discovered in
the elephant hawk moth Deilephila elpenor, nocturnal colour vision is now known from two …