Background Patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) have a dismal prognosis and limited
treatment options. Given the potential for immunotherapy in patients with BTC, we studied …

Background: Immunotherapy has recently been incorporated into the spectrum of biliary tract
cancer (BTC) treatment. The identification of predictive response biomarkers is essential in …

Background Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in intrahepatic
cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. But there is still a dispute over the prognostic value of PD …

Pembrolizumab appears promising for patients with programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-
L1)-positive solid tumors. However, data on immunotherapy for biliary tract cancers (BTC) …

Background and Aims Biliary tract cancer (BTC) exhibits diverse molecular characteristics.
However, reliable biomarkers that predict therapeutic responses are yet to be discovered …

Background PD-L1 has been reported to be expressed in diverse human malignancies.
However, the prognostic value of PD-L1 in digestive system cancers remains inconclusive …

Background Agents targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death
receptor 1 immune checkpoint exhibited promising clinical outcomes in a variety of …

Background The clinical significance of programmed death 1 and its ligand (PD-L1) as
therapeutic targets has been reported previously. This study aimed to investigate the clinical …

Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) may arise in the intra-or extrahepatic biliary tract
and is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite recent advances, to date there is still no …

Aims Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), a potential target for immune checkpoint
inhibitors in various solid neoplasms, has been studied in very few cases of Gall Bladder …