Background and aims Childhood trauma may have longstanding effects on individuals'
propensity to react adversely to stress, and also predisposes individuals to suffer from …

This study examined the hypothesis that depressed adolescents with a history of childhood
maltreatment will show greater cortisol reactivity to psychological stress challenge than …

Preclinical studies show that animals with a history of chronic stress exposure have
increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity following reexposure to …

BACKGROUND: Animal and human studies have found that prior stressful events can result
in an altered reactivity in the HPA axis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the …

Depressed adults have shown blunted or elevated cortisol reactivity in response to various
forms of psychosocial stress. However, there have been few studies of cortisol reactivity in …

Background Given mixed findings as to whether stressful experiences and relationships are
associated with increases or decreases in children's cortisol reactivity, we tested whether a …

This study examined the relationship between acute cortisol responses to trauma and
subsequent PTSD symptoms (PTSS) in children and their biological mothers. Urinary …

Childhood trauma is a potent risk factor for developing depression in adulthood, particularly
in response to additional stress. We here summarize results from a series of clinical studies …

Childhood trauma is among the most potent contributing risk factors for depression and is
associated with poor treatment response. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis …

Repeated exposure to stress during early life has a lifetime impact on physical and
psychological functions. Our study investigated the long‐term effects of early life stress (ELS; …