A long-standing paradox in cellular immunology concerns the conditional requirement for
CD4+ T-helper (TH) cells in the priming of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in …

Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond with enhanced vigour
to pathogens that have been encountered in the past. Following infection or immunization …

Memory CD8 T cells can be divided into two subsets, central (TCM) and effector (TEM), but
their lineage relationships and their ability to persist and confer protective immunity are not …

We studied the influence of memory T cell properties on the efficiency of secondary immune
responses by comparing the in vivo immune response of the same numbers of T cell …

Whether memory T lymphocytes are derived directly from effector T cells or via a separately
controlled pathway has long been debated. Here we present evidence that, after adoptive …

The factors required for the generation of memory CD4 T cells remain unclear, and whether
there is a continuing requirement for antigen stimulation is critical to design of vaccine …

Emerging evidence indicates that CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immunity is differentially regulated.
Here we have delineated differences and commonalities among antiviral T-cell responses …

Although primary CD8 responses to acute infections are independent of CD4 help, it is
unknown whether a similar situation applies to secondary responses. We show that …

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An understanding of how T cell memory is maintained is crucial for the rational design of
vaccines. Memory T cells were shown to persist indefinitely in major histocompatibility …