In the face of emerging infectious diseases caused by rapidly evolving and highly virulent
pathogens, such as influenza, we are challenged to develop innovative vaccine strategies …

Following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, there is a potent
antiviral CD8 T–cell response that eliminates the infection. This initial CD8 T–cell response …

T cell exhaustion is associated with failure to clear chronic infections and malignant cells.
Defining the molecular mechanisms of T cell exhaustion and reinvigoration is essential to …

The formation of memory CD8 T cells is an important goal of vaccination. However, although
widespread use of booster immunizations in humans generates secondary and tertiary CD8 …

To trigger class II-restricted T cells, antigen presenting cells have to capture antigens,
process them and display their fragments in association with class II molecules. In most …

Inflammation induced by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns markedly
affects subsequent adaptive responses. We asked whether the adaptive immune system can …

Immunological memory depends on the long-term maintenance of memory T cells. Although
the factors that maintain CD8 T cell memory are well understood, those responsible for CD4 …

Abstract C D8 T-cell responses play an important role in protection against intracellular
pathogens. Memory CD8 T cells mediate rapid clearance of pathogens upon secondary …

How and when memory T cells form during an immune response are long-standing
questions. To better understand memory CD8 T cell development, a time course of gene …

Memory T cells exhibit superior responses to pathogens and tumors compared with their
naive counterparts. Memory is typically generated via an immune response to a foreign …